Phase 2 Sources

The lists below represent the second phase of our reflections about what texts to include (after we began working together as a team). Earlier lists of balagha sources are available here.

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Arabic (prepared by Hadel Jarada)

المصنَّفات الرئيسية في علم البلاغة

  • أبو العباس بن المعتز (ت.296هـ)، البديع في البديع.
  • أبو الحسن ابن طباطبا العلوي (ت.322هـ)، عيار الشعر.
  • قدامة بن جعفر (ت.337هـ)، نقد الشعر.
  • أبو هلال العسكري (ت.395هـ)، الصناعتين: الكتابة والشعر.
  • علي بن خلف الكاتب (ت.437هـ)، مواد البيان.
  • ابن رشيق القيرواني (ت.456هـ)، العمدة في محاسن الشعر وآدابه.
  • ابن سنان الخفاجي (ت.466هـ)، سر الفصاحة.
  • عبد القاهر الجرجاني (ت.471هـ)، أسرار البلاغة (في علم البيان).
  • عبد القاهر الجرجاني (ت.471هـ)، دلائل الإعجاز (في علم المعاني).
  • أسامة ابن منقذ (ت.584هـ)، البديع في نقد الشعر.
  • فخر الدين الرازي (ت.606هـ)، نهاية الإيجاز في دراية الإعجاز.
  • أبو يعقوب السكاكي (ت.626هـ)، مفتاح العلوم.
  • ضياء الدين ابن الأثير (ت.637هـ)، الجامع الكبير في صناعة المنظوم من الكلام والمنثور.
  • ضياء الدين ابن الأثير (ت.637هـ)، المثل السائر في أدب الكاتب والشاعر.
  • ابن أبي الإصبع العدواني (ت.654هـ)، تحرير التحبير في صناعة الشعر والنثر.
  • عز الدين ابن أبي الحديد (ت.656هـ)، الفلك الدائر على المثل السائر [لابن الأثير].
  • عز الدين الزنجاني (ت. بعد 660هـ)، معيار النظار في علوم الأشعار (القسم الثالث: في علم البديع).
  • بدر الدين ابن مالك (ت.686هـ)، المصباح في المعاني والبيان والبديع.
  • ابن البناء المراكشي (ت.721هـ)، الروض المريع في صناعة البديع.
  • الخطيب القزويني (ت.739هـ)، الإيضاح في علوم البلاغة.
  • الخطيب القزويني (ت.739هـ)، تلخيص المفتاح [للسكاكي].
  • صفي الدين الحلي (ت.750هـ)، شرح الكافية البديعية في علوم البلاغة ومحاسن البديع.
  • عضد الدين الإيجي (ت.756هـ)، الفوائد الغياثية في علوم البلاغة.
  • صلاح الدين الصفدي (ت.764هـ)، نصرة الثائر على المثل السائر [لابن الأثير].
  • بهاء الدين السبكي (ت.773هـ)، عروس الأفراح في شرح تلخيص المفتاح [للقزويني].
  • سعد الدين التفتازاني (ت.793هـ)، المطوَّل = الإصباح في شرح تلخيص المفتاح [للقزويني].
  • سعد الدين التفتازاني (ت.793هـ)، مختصر المعاني = مختصر شرح تلخيص المفتاح.
  • صدر الدين ابن معصوم (ت.1119هـ)، أنوار الربيع في أنواع البديع.

Arabic sources in chronological order

  • al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿUmar (159/776 – 255/868). al-Bayān wa-l-tabyīn [al-tabayyun]. Ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānujī, 1418/1998.
  • Ibn al-Muʿtazz (d. 296/908). al-Badīʿ fī l-badīʿ. Ed. ʿIrfān Maṭarjī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1433/2012.
  • Abū l-Ḥasan b. Ṭabāṭabā al-ʿAlawī (d. 322/933). ʿIyār al-shiʿr. Ed. ʿAbbās b. al-Sātir. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1426/2005.
  • Qudāma b. Jaʿfar (d. 337/948). Naqd al-shiʿr. al-Qusṭanṭiniyya: Maṭbaʿat al-Jawāʾib, 1302/1883; Seeger Adrianus Bonebakker, The Kitāb naqd al-šiʿr of Qudāma b. Ǧaʿfar al-Kātib al-Baǧdādī (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1956).
  • al-ʿAskārī, Abū Aḥmad (293–382/906–93). Risāla fī al-tafḍīl bayn balāghatay al-ʿarab wa-l-ʿajam. Ed. ʿAbbād Arḥīla. Ḥawliyyāt al-Ādāb wa-l-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyya 27 (2006), 73-106.
  • al-ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl (d. 395/1004 or c. 400/1010). al-Ṣināʿatayn al-kitāba wa-l-shiʿr. Ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī and Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1371/1952.
  • al-Kātib, ʿAlī b. Khalaf (d. 437/1045). Mawādd al-bayān. Ed. Ḥātim Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin. Damascus: Dār al-Nashāʾir, 1424/2003.
  • al-Qayrawānī, Ibn Rashīq (d. 456/1063). al-ʿUmda fī maḥāsin al-shiʿr wa ādābuhu wa naqduhu. Ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Dār al-Jīl, 1401/1981.
  • al-Khafājī, Ibn Sinān (d. 466/1073). Sirr al-faṣāḥa. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1402/1982.
  • al-Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). Asrār al-balāgha [fī ʿilm al-bayān]. Ed. Helmut Ritter. Istanbul: Maṭbaʿat Wizārat al-Maʿārif, 1954.
  • al-Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). Asrār al-balāgha [fī ʿilm al-bayān]. Ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Jeddah/Cairo: Dār al-Madanī, 1412/1991.
  • al-Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz [fī ʿilm al-maʿānī]. Ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānujī/Maktabat al-Madanī, 1425/2004.
  • Usāma b. Munqidh (d. 584/1188). al-Badīʿ fī naqd al-shiʿr. Ed. Ḥāmid ʿAbd al-Majīd and Aḥmad Aḥmad Badawī. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1380/1960.
  • al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 606/1210). Nihāyat al-ījāz fī dirāyat al-iʿjāz. Ed. Naṣrallāh Ḥājī Muftī   Ughlī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1424/2004.
  • al-Sakkākī, Abū Yaʿqūb (d. 626/1228). Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm. Ed. Naʿīm Zarzūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1403/1983.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn (d. 637/1239). al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr fī ṣināʿat al-manẓūm min al-kalām wa-l-manthūr. Ed. Muṣṭafā Jawād and Jamīl Saʿīd. Baghdad: al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿIrāqī, 1376/1956.
  • Ibn al-Athīr, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn (d. 637/1239). al-Mathal al-sāʾir fī adab al-kātib wa-l-shāʿir. Ed. Aḥmad al-Ḥūfī and Badawī Ṭabāna. Cairo: Maktabat Nahḍat Miṣr, 1959-65.
  • Ibn Abī l-Iṣbaʿ al-ʿAdwānī (d. 654/1256). Taḥrīr al-taḥbīr fī ṣināʿat al-shiʿr wa-l-nathr. Ed. Ḥifnī Muḥammad Sharaf. Cairo: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā lil-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyya, 1383/1963.
  • Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿIzz al-Dīn (d. 656/1258). al-Falak al-dāʾir ʿalā l-mathal al-sāʾir. Ed. Aḥmad al-Ḥūfī and Badawī Ṭabāna. Riyāḍ: Dār al-Rifāʿī, 1404/1984.
  • al-Zanjānī, ʿIzz al-Dīn (d. after 660/active 1257). Miʿyār al-nuẓẓār fī ʿulūm al-ashʿār. 2 vols. Ed.             Muḥammad ʿAlī Rizq al-Khafājī. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1412/1991.
  • Ibn al-Nāẓim, Badr al-Dīn Ibn Mālik (d. 686/1287). al-Miṣbāḥ fī l-maʿānī wa-l-bayān wa-l-badīʿ. Ed. Ḥusnī ʿAbd al-Jalīl Yūsuf. Cairo: Maktabat al-Ādāb wa Maṭbaʿatihā, 1410/1989.
  • Ibn al-Bannā al-Murākushī (d. 721/1321). al-Rawḍ al-marīʿ fī ṣināʿat al-badīʿ. Ed. Raḍwān Binshaqrūr. al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ: Dār al-Nashr al-Maghribiyya, 1406/1985.
  • al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338). al-Īdāḥ fī ʿulūm al-balāgha. Ed. Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1424/2003.
  • al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338). Talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ [lil-Sakkākī]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushrā, 1431/2010.
  • al-Ḥillī, Ṣafī al-Dīn (d. 750/1349). Sharḥ al-Kāfiyya al-badīʿiyya fī ʿulūm al-balāgha wa maḥāsin al-badīʿ. Ed. Ransīb Nashāwī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1412/1992.
  • al-Ījī, ʿAḍud al-Dīn (d. 756/1355). al-Fawāʾid al-ghiyāthiyya fī ʿulūm al-balāgha. Ed. ʿĀshiq Ḥusayn. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrī and Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Lubnānī, 1412/1990.
  • al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (d. 764/1362). Nuṣrat al-thāʾir ʿalā al-mathal al-sāʾir. Ed. Muḥammad ʿAlī Sulṭānī. Dimashq: Maṭbūʿat Majmaʿ al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya, 1392/1972.
  • al-Subkī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn (d. 773/1371). ʿArūs al-afrāḥ fī sharḥ talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ [lil-Qazwīnī]. Ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 1423/2003.
  • al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn (d. 793/1390). al-Muṭawwal = al-Iṣbāḥ fī sharḥ talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ [lil-Qazwīnī].
  • al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn (d. 793/1390). Mukhtaṣar al-maʿānī = mukhtaṣar sharḥ talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ. 2 vols. Ed. ʿAbd al-Mutʿāl al-Ṣaʿīdī. Qum: Kitābfurūshī-i Katabī Najafī, 196-.
  • Ibn Maʿṣūm, Ṣadr al-Dīn (d. 1119/1707). Anwār al-rabīʿ fī anwāʿ al-badīʿ. 7 vols. Ed. Shākir Hādī Shukr. al-Najaf: Maktabat al-Nuʿmān, 1388/1968.

Turkic literatures (prepared by Kristof d’Hulster)

I. Introductory Texts

I.1. ʿAbdü’l-Ǧānī Gürānī (17th cent.?), Tercüme-i Dībāce-i Telḫīṣ-i Miftāḥ
> the preface, dealing with the difference between belāgat and fesāḥat

I.2. Sünbül-Zāde Vehbī (d. 1809), Ḫulāsa-i Lütfīye
> “Der edebiyāt ve tārīḫ ve siyer”, “Der şiʿr ve inşā”, 2 meta-poems

II. Belāǧat (“Science of Rhetoric”)

II.1. Meʿānī (“Semantics”)

  • II.1.a. Taşköprüzade (d. 1561), Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
    • > “ʿİlmü’l-Maʿānī”, encyclopaedic entry on meʿānī
  • II.1.b. Altı Parmaḳ (d. 1623), Terceme-i Telḫīṣ
    • > TBA (section on meʿānī) / 3 weeks (currently available only in ms.!?)
  • II.1.c. Recāʾī-Zāde Maḥmūd Ekrem (d. 1914), Taʿlīmü Edebiyāt
    • > “Īcād ve tervīcü’l-elfāẓ”, section on the coining and advocating of new words
  • II.1.d. Aḥmed Hāşim, Bize Göre
    • > “Kelimlerin Hayatı”, a prose musing

II.2 Beyān (“Theory of Figurative Speech”)

  • II.2.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
    • > “ʿİlmü’l-Beyān”, encyclopaedic entry on beyān
  • II.2.b. On teşbīh (“simile”): Aḥmed Ḥamdī (d. 1890), Belāǧat-i Lisān-i ʿOsmānī
    • > complete chapter on teşbīh / 3 weeks
  • II.2.c. On mecāz (“trope”): Mollā Lütfī (d. 1494), Risāle-i Mevlānā Lüṭfī
    • > complete section on mecāz / 2 weeks
  • II.2.d. On kināye (“metonymy): Süreyyā (d .1904), Mīzānü’l-Belāǧat
    • > part of “Otuzbirinci Ders” on kināye

II.3 Bedīʿ (“Science of Rhetorical Embellishment”)

  • II.3.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
    • > “ʿİlmü’l-Bedīʿ”, encyclopaedic entry on bedīʿ
  • II.3.b. İsmāʿīl-i Anḳaravī (d. 1631), Miftāḥü’l-Belāǧa ve Mıṣbāḥu’l-Feṣāḥa
    • > partial translation of the section of bedīʿ
  • II.3.c. Süleymān Ḥüsnü Paşa (1872), Mebāni l-İnşā
    • > partial translation of the section on bedīʿ

III. Naḳd-i şiʿr (“Evaluating Poetry”)

III.1. Ḳarżu’ş-Şiʿr (“Composing Poetry”)

  • III.1.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
    • > “İlmü Ḳarżi’ş-Şiʿr”, encyclopaedic entry on composing poetry
  • III.1.b. Sürūrī (1561), Baḥrü’l-Maʿārif
    • > introduction and epilogue / 3 weeks
  • III.1.c. Nācī (d. 1893), Iṣṭılāḥāt-i Edebiye
    • > sections on the terms şiʿr, nesir and naẓm
  • III.1.d. Ahmet Haşim (d. 1933), Bize Göre
    • > “Şairleri okurken”, a prose musing

III.2 ʿArūż (“Meter”)

  • III.2.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
    • > “ʿİlmü’l-ʿArūż”, encycoplaedic entry on meter
  • III.2.b. Nevāʾī (d. 1501), Mīzānü’l-Evzān
    • > introduction, selected parts of the sections on aṣl, baḥr, taḳṭīʿ, etc.
  • III.2.c. Ḫālid Faḫrī Ozanṣoy (1926), Edebiyat
    • > ʿArūża Vedāʿ (“A Farewell to ʿArūż”), a versified musing on the loss of meter

III.3 Ḳāfiye (“Rhyme”)

  • III.3.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
    • > “ʿİlmü’l-Ḳavāfī”, encyclopaedic entry on the science of rhyme
  • III.3.b. Bedr-i Dilşād (15th cent.), Murād-Nāme
    • > “Bāb-i Sivüsivim ender Fenn-i Şiʿr”, part on rhyme, vv. 5765-5876
  • III.3.c. Kemālpaşa-Zāde (d. 1536), Ḳāfiye Risālesi

IV. İnşāʾ and Teressül (“Letter Writing and Correspondence”)

IV.1. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü Mebādī l-Şiʿr”, “ʿİlmü Mebādī l-İnşā”, two encyclopaedic entries on inşā

IV.2. Yaḥyā b. Meḥmed el-Kātib (15th cent.), Menāhicü’l-İnşā
> “El-Bābü’l-Evvel fī Beyān-i Ḳavāʿidi’l-İnşā”, chapter on the general rules of inşā

IV.3. Aḥmed-i Dāʿī (d. 1420s?), Teressül (“Correspondence”)
> full translation, on how to address people properly

IV.4. Muṣṭafā ʿIzzet (1894), Defʿü’l-Mesālib fī Edebi’ş-Şāʿir ve l-Kātib
> “Şāʿir ve Münşī’niŋ Māhīyeti” (the character of şāʿir and the münşī compared)

Persian (prepared by Nasrin Askari)

I. Introductory Texts

I.1        Kaykāvūs. Qābūs-nāma (11th c).

ʿUnṣur al-Maʿālī Kaykāvūs b. Iskandar b. Qābūs b. Vushmgīr b. Ziyār. Qābūs-nāma. Edited by Ghulāmḥusayn Yūsufī. 14th ed. Tehran: Intishārāt-i ʿilmī va farhangī, 1385/2006.

  • Chapter 7: On the art of speech (Dar pīshī justan az sukhan-dānī)

I.2        ʿAufī. Lubāb al-albāb (written during 617/1220 to 625/1228).

Lubāb al-albāb. Edited by Edward Browne and Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Vahhāb Qazvīnī. Edited by Saʿīd Nafīsī. Tehran: Ibn-i Sīna, 1335/1956.

  • Introduction (pp. 1-9)
  • Chapters 1, On the virtues of poem and poetry (pp. 10-15)
  • Chapter 2, On the meaning of poem, (15-17)
  • Chapter 3, On the first person who composed poetry (17-19)
  • Chapter 4, On the first person who composed Persian poetry (19-22)

I.3        Rāvandī. Rāḥat al-ṣudūr (13th c.).

  • Advice from a great poet to a novice poet (pp.57-58)
  • Advice to kings’ boon companions (pp. 407-408)

I.4        Shihāb. Kanz al-favāʿid (7th/13th c).

Ḥusayn Muḥammad Shāh Shihāb Anṣārī. Kanz al-favāʿid. Edited by Sayyid Yūshaʿ(ʿAlīg). Madras: Madras University, 1956.

  • Chapter 1, On the Virtue of Poetry and Poets (pp. 3-12)
  • Chapter 2, On the Truth of Poetry and Poets (pp. 12-15)

I.5        Daulatshāh Samarqandī. Tazkirat al-shuʿarāʾ (14th c.)

  • On the virtue of eloquence and rhetoric (Dar bayān-i faẓīlat-i faṣāḥat va balāghat (pp. 3-11)
  • On the origins of Persian poetry (pp. 28-31)

I.6        Ẓafar-nāmah of Ḥamdullāh Mustaufī (14th c.).

Ḥamdullāh b. Abī Bakr b. Aḥmad b. Naṣr Mustaufī Qazvīnī. Ẓafarnāma: Qism al-islāmiyya. Edited by Mahdī Madāyinī and others. Vol. 1. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿulūm-i insānī va muṭāliʿāt-i farhangī, 1380/2001.

  • On the difference between prose and verse chronicles (pp. chahārdah–pānzdah)

I.7        Jājarmī. Muʾnis al-aḥrār fī daqāʾiq al-ashʿār (written in 741/1341).

  • Author’s short introduction on prose and poetry (pp. 1-2)

Muḥammad b. Badr al-Jājarmī. Muʾnis al-aḥrār fī daqāʾiq al-ashʿār. Edited by Mīr Ṣāliḥ Ṭabībī. 2 vols. Vol. 1, Tehran: Ittiḥād, 1337/1959. Vol. 2, Anjuman-i ās̱ār-i millī 83, Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̱ār-i millī, 1350/1971.

II. On balāghat (Rhetoric)

II.1      ʿAṭāʾī. Badāyiʿ al-ṣanāyiʿ (898/1493) .

Amīr Burhān al-Dīn ʾAṭā-Allāh Maḥmūd Ḥusaynī. Badāyiʿ al-ṣanāyiʿ. Edited by Raḥīm Musalmāniyān Qubādiyānī. Tehran: Bunyād-i mauqūfāt-i duktur Maḥmūd Afshār, 1384/2005.

II.2      Kashifī (d. 910/1504). Badāyiʿ al-afkār va ṣanāyiʿ al-ashʿār.

Kamal al-Dīn Ḥusayn Vāʿiẓ Kashifī Sabzavārī. Badāyiʿ al-afkār va ṣanāyiʿ al-ashʿār. Edited by Jalāl al-Dīn Kazzāzī. Tehran: Nashr-i markaz.1369/1990.

qalb al-qavāfī (p. 131) ; iṭrād (p. 136) ; hijā/tahajjī (p. 139) tarvīj (p. 148) ; siḥr-i ḥalāl (pp. 149-50) ; zū al-lisānayn (p. 153) ; tafṣīl (p. 154) tauṣīl (p. 155) taʿrīb (p. 158) iżmār al-ḥurūf (pp. 159-60) ifrād (p. 163)

III. On inshā and tarassul (Composition and Correspondence)

III.1     Kaykāvūs. Qābūs-nāma (11th c).

  • Chapter 39: Dar ādāb va āyīn-i dabīrī va sharṭ-i kātib (pp. 207-15)

III.2     Rāvandī. Rāḥat al-ṣudūr (written during 599/1202–3 to 603/1206–7).

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Sulaymān al-Rāvandī. Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr. Edited by Muḥammad Iqbāl. (English title p.: Ráḥat-uṣ-Ṣudúr wa Áyat-us-Surúr: Being a History of the Saljúqs by Muḥammad ibn ʿAlí ibn Sulaymán ar-Ráwandí.). E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, n.s., 2. London: Luzac, 1921.

  • Chapter on the knowledge of principles of calligraphy from circle to dot (faṣl fī maʿrifat uṣūl al-khaṭṭ min al-dāyirat va al-nuqat) (pp. 437-47)

III.3     Mustaufī. Khirad-nāma (early 12th c.)

Abū al-Fażl Yūsuf b. ʿAlī Mustaufī. Khiradnāma. Edited by Adīb Burūmand. Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̱ār-i millī, 1347/1968.

  • Introduction (p. 1); On Scribes (dabīrī) (p. 16)

III.4     Amīr Khusrau Dihlavī. Iʿjāz-i Khusravī.

III.5     Muḥammad b. Hindūshāh Nakhjivānī. Dastūr al-kātib fī taʿyīn al-marātib (760/1359)

III.6     Khvāja ʿImād al-Dīn Maḥmūd Gāvān. Manāẓir al-inshā’. (9th/15th c.)

Khvāja ʿImād al-Dīn Maḥmūd Gāvān. Manāẓir al-inshā’. Edited by Maʿṣūma Maʿdan-Kan. Tehran: Farhangistān-i zabān va adab-i pārsī, 1381/2002.

  • Second discourse, on the types and principles and requirements of what people write to each other (maqālat al-sānīya, fī bayān al-aqsām va al-arkān va sharāyiṭ mā yaktub al-nās baʿżuhum ilā baʿż) (pp. 185-235)

III.7     Kāshifī (d. 910/1504). Makhzan al-inshā’.