Below is a list of key works of balagha–a term we translate variously as poetics, rhetoric, and stylistics–prepared by our team members from the literary traditions with which this project is concerned. Many of these are being translated for our anthology, Balaghas Compared:  Cross-cultural Readings in Classical Poetics.

The lists below represent the second phase of our reflections about what texts to include (after we began working together as a team). Earlier lists of balagha sources are available here.

Arabic (prepared by Hadel Jarada)

المصنَّفات الرئيسية في علم البلاغة

– أبو العباس بن المعتز (ت.296هـ)، البديع في البديع.

– أبو الحسن ابن طباطبا العلوي (ت.322هـ)، عيار الشعر.

– قدامة بن جعفر (ت.337هـ)، نقد الشعر.

– أبو هلال العسكري (ت.395هـ)، الصناعتين: الكتابة والشعر.

– علي بن خلف الكاتب (ت.437هـ)، مواد البيان.

– ابن رشيق القيرواني (ت.456هـ)، العمدة في محاسن الشعر وآدابه.

– ابن سنان الخفاجي (ت.466هـ)، سر الفصاحة.

– عبد القاهر الجرجاني (ت.471هـ)، أسرار البلاغة (في علم البيان).

– عبد القاهر الجرجاني (ت.471هـ)، دلائل الإعجاز (في علم المعاني).

– أسامة ابن منقذ (ت.584هـ)، البديع في نقد الشعر.

– فخر الدين الرازي (ت.606هـ)، نهاية الإيجاز في دراية الإعجاز.

– أبو يعقوب السكاكي (ت.626هـ)، مفتاح العلوم.

– ضياء الدين ابن الأثير (ت.637هـ)، الجامع الكبير في صناعة المنظوم من الكلام والمنثور.

– ضياء الدين ابن الأثير (ت.637هـ)، المثل السائر في أدب الكاتب والشاعر.

– ابن أبي الإصبع العدواني (ت.654هـ)، تحرير التحبير في صناعة الشعر والنثر.

– عز الدين ابن أبي الحديد (ت.656هـ)، الفلك الدائر على المثل السائر [لابن الأثير].

– عز الدين الزنجاني (ت. بعد 660هـ)، معيار النظار في علوم الأشعار (القسم الثالث: في علم البديع).

– بدر الدين ابن مالك (ت.686هـ)، المصباح في المعاني والبيان والبديع.

– ابن البناء المراكشي (ت.721هـ)، الروض المريع في صناعة البديع.

– الخطيب القزويني (ت.739هـ)، الإيضاح في علوم البلاغة.

– الخطيب القزويني (ت.739هـ)، تلخيص المفتاح [للسكاكي].

– صفي الدين الحلي (ت.750هـ)، شرح الكافية البديعية في علوم البلاغة ومحاسن البديع.

– عضد الدين الإيجي (ت.756هـ)، الفوائد الغياثية في علوم البلاغة.

– صلاح الدين الصفدي (ت.764هـ)، نصرة الثائر على المثل السائر [لابن الأثير].

– بهاء الدين السبكي (ت.773هـ)، عروس الأفراح في شرح تلخيص المفتاح [للقزويني].

– سعد الدين التفتازاني (ت.793هـ)، المطوَّل = الإصباح في شرح تلخيص المفتاح [للقزويني].

– سعد الدين التفتازاني (ت.793هـ)، مختصر المعاني = مختصر شرح تلخيص المفتاح.

– صدر الدين ابن معصوم (ت.1119هـ)، أنوار الربيع في أنواع البديع.

Arabic sources in chronological order

al-Jāḥiẓ, Abū ʿUthmān ʿUmar (159/776 – 255/868). al-Bayān wa-l-tabyīn [al-tabayyun]. Ed. ʿAbd al-Salām Muḥammad Hārūn. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānujī, 1418/1998.

Ibn al-Muʿtazz (d. 296/908). al-Badīʿ fī l-badīʿ. Ed. ʿIrfān Maṭarjī. Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyya, 1433/2012.

Abū l-Ḥasan b. Ṭabāṭabā al-ʿAlawī (d. 322/933). ʿIyār al-shiʿr. Ed. ʿAbbās b. al-Sātir. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1426/2005.

Qudāma b. Jaʿfar (d. 337/948). Naqd al-shiʿr. al-Qusṭanṭiniyya: Maṭbaʿat al-Jawāʾib, 1302/1883; Seeger Adrianus Bonebakker, The Kitāb naqd al-šiʿr of Qudāma b. Ǧaʿfar al-Kātib al-Baǧdādī (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1956).

al-ʿAskārī, Abū Aḥmad (293–382/906–93). Risāla fī al-tafḍīl bayn balāghatay al-ʿarab wa-l-ʿajam. Ed. ʿAbbād Arḥīla. Ḥawliyyāt al-Ādāb wa-l-ʿUlūm al-Ijtimāʿiyya 27 (2006), 73-106.

al-ʿAskarī, Abū Hilāl (d. 395/1004 or c. 400/1010). al-Ṣināʿatayn al-kitāba wa-l-shiʿr. Ed. ʿAlī Muḥammad al-Bajāwī and Muḥammad Abū al-Faḍl Ibrāhīm. Cairo: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Kutub al-ʿArabiyya, 1371/1952.

al-Kātib, ʿAlī b. Khalaf (d. 437/1045). Mawādd al-bayān. Ed. Ḥātim Ṣāliḥ al-Ḍāmin. Damascus: Dār al-Nashāʾir, 1424/2003.

al-Qayrawānī, Ibn Rashīq (d. 456/1063). al-ʿUmda fī maḥāsin al-shiʿr wa ādābuhu wa naqduhu. Ed. Muḥammad Muḥyī al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd. Cairo: Dār al-Jīl, 1401/1981.

al-Khafājī, Ibn Sinān (d. 466/1073). Sirr al-faṣāḥa. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1402/1982.

al-Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). Asrār al-balāgha [fī ʿilm al-bayān]. Ed. Helmut Ritter. Istanbul: Maṭbaʿat Wizārat al-Maʿārif, 1954.

al-Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). Asrār al-balāgha [fī ʿilm al-bayān]. Ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Jeddah/Cairo: Dār al-Madanī, 1412/1991.

al-Jurjānī, ʿAbd al-Qāhir (d. 471/1078 or 474/1081). Dalāʾil al-iʿjāz [fī ʿilm al-maʿānī]. Ed. Maḥmūd Muḥammad Shākir. Cairo: Maktabat al-Khānujī/Maktabat al-Madanī, 1425/2004.

Usāma b. Munqidh (d. 584/1188). al-Badīʿ fī naqd al-shiʿr. Ed. Ḥāmid ʿAbd al-Majīd and Aḥmad Aḥmad Badawī. Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Muṣṭafā Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1380/1960.

al-Rāzī, Fakhr al-Dīn (d. 606/1210). Nihāyat al-ījāz fī dirāyat al-iʿjāz. Ed. Naṣrallāh Ḥājī Muftī   Ughlī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1424/2004.

al-Sakkākī, Abū Yaʿqūb (d. 626/1228). Miftāḥ al-ʿulūm. Ed. Naʿīm Zarzūr. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1403/1983.

Ibn al-Athīr, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn (d. 637/1239). al-Jāmiʿ al-kabīr fī ṣināʿat al-manẓūm min al-kalām wa-l-manthūr. Ed. Muṣṭafā Jawād and Jamīl Saʿīd. Baghdad: al-Majmaʿ al-ʿIlmī al-ʿIrāqī, 1376/1956.

Ibn al-Athīr, Ḍiyāʾ al-Dīn (d. 637/1239). al-Mathal al-sāʾir fī adab al-kātib wa-l-shāʿir. Ed. Aḥmad al-Ḥūfī and Badawī Ṭabāna. Cairo: Maktabat Nahḍat Miṣr, 1959-65.

Ibn Abī l-Iṣbaʿ al-ʿAdwānī (d. 654/1256). Taḥrīr al-taḥbīr fī ṣināʿat al-shiʿr wa-l-nathr. Ed. Ḥifnī Muḥammad Sharaf. Cairo: al-Majlis al-Aʿlā lil-Shuʾūn al-Islāmiyya, 1383/1963.

Ibn Abī l-Ḥadīd, ʿIzz al-Dīn (d. 656/1258). al-Falak al-dāʾir ʿalā l-mathal al-sāʾir. Ed. Aḥmad al-Ḥūfī and Badawī Ṭabāna. Riyāḍ: Dār al-Rifāʿī, 1404/1984.

al-Zanjānī, ʿIzz al-Dīn (d. after 660/active 1257). Miʿyār al-nuẓẓār fī ʿulūm al-ashʿār. 2 vols. Ed.             Muḥammad ʿAlī Rizq al-Khafājī. Cairo: Dār al-Maʿārif, 1412/1991.

Ibn al-Nāẓim, Badr al-Dīn Ibn Mālik (d. 686/1287). al-Miṣbāḥ fī l-maʿānī wa-l-bayān wa-l-badīʿ. Ed. Ḥusnī ʿAbd al-Jalīl Yūsuf. Cairo: Maktabat al-Ādāb wa Maṭbaʿatihā, 1410/1989.

Ibn al-Bannā al-Murākushī (d. 721/1321). al-Rawḍ al-marīʿ fī ṣināʿat al-badīʿ. Ed. Raḍwān Binshaqrūr. al-Dār al-Bayḍāʾ: Dār al-Nashr al-Maghribiyya, 1406/1985.

al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338). al-Īdāḥ fī ʿulūm al-balāgha. Ed. Ibrāhīm Shams al-Dīn. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1424/2003.

al-Khaṭīb al-Qazwīnī (d. 739/1338). Talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ [lil-Sakkākī]. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushrā, 1431/2010.

al-Ḥillī, Ṣafī al-Dīn (d. 750/1349). Sharḥ al-Kāfiyya al-badīʿiyya fī ʿulūm al-balāgha wa maḥāsin al-badīʿ. Ed. Ransīb Nashāwī. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1412/1992.

al-Ījī, ʿAḍud al-Dīn (d. 756/1355). al-Fawāʾid al-ghiyāthiyya fī ʿulūm al-balāgha. Ed. ʿĀshiq Ḥusayn. Cairo: Dār al-Kutub al-Miṣrī and Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-Lubnānī, 1412/1990.

al-Ṣafadī, Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn (d. 764/1362). Nuṣrat al-thāʾir ʿalā al-mathal al-sāʾir. Ed. Muḥammad ʿAlī Sulṭānī. Dimashq: Maṭbūʿat Majmaʿ al-Lugha al-ʿArabiyya, 1392/1972.

al-Subkī, Bahāʾ al-Dīn (d. 773/1371). ʿArūs al-afrāḥ fī sharḥ talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ [lil-Qazwīnī]. Ed. ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd Hindāwī. Beirut: al-Maktaba al-ʿAṣriyya, 1423/2003.

al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn (d. 793/1390). al-Muṭawwal = al-Iṣbāḥ fī sharḥ talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ [lil-Qazwīnī].

al-Taftāzānī, Saʿd al-Dīn (d. 793/1390). Mukhtaṣar al-maʿānī = mukhtaṣar sharḥ talkhīṣ al-miftāḥ. 2 vols. Ed. ʿAbd al-Mutʿāl al-Ṣaʿīdī. Qum: Kitābfurūshī-i Katabī Najafī, 196-.

Ibn Maʿṣūm, Ṣadr al-Dīn (d. 1119/1707). Anwār al-rabīʿ fī anwāʿ al-badīʿ. 7 vols. Ed. Shākir Hādī Shukr. al-Najaf: Maktabat al-Nuʿmān, 1388/1968.

 

Turkic literatures (prepared by Kristof d’Hulster)

I. Introductory texts

I.1. ʿAbdü’l-Ǧānī Gürānī (17th cent.?), Tercüme-i Dībāce-i Telḫīṣ-i Miftāḥ
> the preface, dealing with the difference between belāgat and fesāḥat
I.2. Sünbül-Zāde Vehbī (d. 1809), Ḫulāsa-i Lütfīye
> “Der edebiyāt ve tārīḫ ve siyer”, “Der şiʿr ve inşā”, 2 meta-poems

II. Belāǧat (“Science of Rhetoric”)

II.1. Meʿānī (“Semantics”)
II.1.a. Taşköprüzade (d. 1561), Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü’l-Maʿānī”, encyclopaedic entry on meʿānī
II.1.b. Altı Parmaḳ (d. 1623), Terceme-i Telḫīṣ
> TBA (section on meʿānī) / 3 weeks (currently available only in ms.!?)
II.1.c. Recāʾī-Zāde Maḥmūd Ekrem (d. 1914), Taʿlīmü Edebiyāt
> “Īcād ve tervīcü’l-elfāẓ”, section on the coining and advocating of new words
II.1.d. Aḥmed Hāşim, Bize Göre
> “Kelimlerin Hayatı”, a prose musing

II.2. Beyān (“Theory of Figurative Speech”)
II.2.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü’l-Beyān”, encyclopaedic entry on beyān
II.2.b. On teşbīh (“simile”): Aḥmed Ḥamdī (d. 1890), Belāǧat-i Lisān-i ʿOsmānī
> complete chapter on teşbīh / 3 weeks
II.2.c. On mecāz (“trope”): Mollā Lütfī (d. 1494), Risāle-i Mevlānā Lüṭfī
> complete section on mecāz / 2 weeks
II.2.d. On kināye (“metonymy): Süreyyā (d .1904), Mīzānü’l-Belāǧat
> part of “Otuzbirinci Ders” on kināye

II.3. Bedīʿ (“Science of Rhetorical Embellishment”)
II.3.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü’l-Bedīʿ”, encyclopaedic entry on bedīʿ
II.3.b. İsmāʿīl-i Anḳaravī (d. 1631), Miftāḥü’l-Belāǧa ve Mıṣbāḥu’l-Feṣāḥa
> partial translation of the section of bedīʿ
II.3.c. Süleymān Ḥüsnü Paşa (1872), Mebāni l-İnşā
> partial translation of the section on bedīʿ

III. Naḳd-i şiʿr (“Evaluating Poetry”)

III.1. Ḳarżu’ş-Şiʿr (“Composing Poetry”)
III.1.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “İlmü Ḳarżi’ş-Şiʿr”, encyclopaedic entry on composing poetry
III.1.b. Sürūrī (1561), Baḥrü’l-Maʿārif
> introduction and epilogue / 3 weeks
III.1.c. Nācī (d. 1893), Iṣṭılāḥāt-i Edebiye
> sections on the terms şiʿr, nesir and naẓm
III.1.d. Ahmet Haşim (d. 1933), Bize Göre
> “Şairleri okurken”, a prose musing

III.2. ʿArūż (“Meter”)
III.2.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü’l-ʿArūż”, encycoplaedic entry on meter
III.2.b. Nevāʾī (d. 1501), Mīzānü’l-Evzān
> introduction, selected parts of the sections on aṣl, baḥr, taḳṭīʿ, etc.
III.2.c. Ḫālid Faḫrī Ozanṣoy (1926), Edebiyat
> ʿArūża Vedāʿ (“A Farewell to ʿArūż”), a versified musing on the loss of meter

III.3. Ḳāfiye (“Rhyme”)
III.3.a. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü’l-Ḳavāfī”, encyclopaedic entry on the science of rhyme
III.3.b. Bedr-i Dilşād (15th cent.), Murād-Nāme
> “Bāb-i Sivüsivim ender Fenn-i Şiʿr”, part on rhyme, vv. 5765-5876
III.3.c. Kemālpaşa-Zāde (d. 1536), Ḳāfiye Risālesi

IV. İnşāʾ and Teressül (“Letter Writing and Correspondence”)

IV.1. Taşköprüzade, Mevżūʿātü’l-ʿUlūm
> “ʿİlmü Mebādī l-Şiʿr”, “ʿİlmü Mebādī l-İnşā”, two encyclopaedic entries on inşā
IV.2. Yaḥyā b. Meḥmed el-Kātib (15th cent.), Menāhicü’l-İnşā
> “El-Bābü’l-Evvel fī Beyān-i Ḳavāʿidi’l-İnşā”, chapter on the general rules of inşā
IV.3. Aḥmed-i Dāʿī (d. 1420s?), Teressül (“Correspondence”)
> full translation, on how to address people properly
IV.4. Muṣṭafā ʿIzzet (1894), Defʿü’l-Mesālib fī Edebi’ş-Şāʿir ve l-Kātib
> “Şāʿir ve Münşī’niŋ Māhīyeti” (the character of şāʿir and the münşī compared)

Persian (prepared by Nasrin Askari)

  1. Introductory Texts

I.1        Kaykāvūs. Qābūs-nāma (11th c).

ʿUnṣur al-Maʿālī Kaykāvūs b. Iskandar b. Qābūs b. Vushmgīr b. Ziyār. Qābūs-nāma. Edited by Ghulāmḥusayn Yūsufī. 14th ed. Tehran: Intishārāt-i ʿilmī va farhangī, 1385/2006.

  • Chapter 7: On the art of speech (Dar pīshī justan az sukhan-dānī)

 

I.2        ʿAufī. Lubāb al-albāb (written during 617/1220 to 625/1228).

Lubāb al-albāb. Edited by Edward Browne and Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Vahhāb Qazvīnī. Edited by Saʿīd Nafīsī. Tehran: Ibn-i Sīna, 1335/1956.

  • Introduction (pp. 1-9)
  • Chapters 1, On the virtues of poem and poetry (pp. 10-15)
  • Chapter 2, On the meaning of poem, (15-17)
  • Chapter 3, On the first person who composed poetry (17-19)
  • Chapter 4, On the first person who composed Persian poetry (19-22)

I.3        Rāvandī. Rāḥat al-ṣudūr (13th c.).

  • Advice from a great poet to a novice poet (pp.57-58)
  • Advice to kings’ boon companions (pp. 407-408)

 

I.4        Shihāb. Kanz al-favāʿid (7th/13th c).

Ḥusayn Muḥammad Shāh Shihāb Anṣārī. Kanz al-favāʿid. Edited by Sayyid Yūshaʿ(ʿAlīg). Madras: Madras University, 1956.

  • Chapter 1, On the Virtue of Poetry and Poets (pp. 3-12)
  • Chapter 2, On the Truth of Poetry and Poets (pp. 12-15)

I.5        Daulatshāh Samarqandī. Tazkirat al-shuʿarāʾ (14th c.)

  • On the virtue of eloquence and rhetoric (Dar bayān-i faẓīlat-i faṣāḥat va balāghat (pp. 3-11)
  • On the origins of Persian poetry (pp. 28-31)

 

I.6        Ẓafar-nāmah of Ḥamdullāh Mustaufī (14th c.).

Ḥamdullāh b. Abī Bakr b. Aḥmad b. Naṣr Mustaufī Qazvīnī. Ẓafarnāma: Qism al-islāmiyya. Edited by Mahdī Madāyinī and others. Vol. 1. Tehran: Pazhūhishgāh-i ʿulūm-i insānī va muṭāliʿāt-i farhangī, 1380/2001.

  • On the difference between prose and verse chronicles (pp. chahārdah–pānzdah)

 

I.7        Jājarmī. Muʾnis al-aḥrār fī daqāʾiq al-ashʿār (written in 741/1341).

  • Author’s short introduction on prose and poetry (pp. 1-2)

Muḥammad b. Badr al-Jājarmī. Muʾnis al-aḥrār fī daqāʾiq al-ashʿār. Edited by Mīr Ṣāliḥ Ṭabībī. 2 vols. Vol. 1, Tehran: Ittiḥād, 1337/1959. Vol. 2, Anjuman-i ās̱ār-i millī 83, Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̱ār-i millī, 1350/1971.

  1. On balāghat (Rhetoric)

II.1      ʿAṭāʾī. Badāyiʿ al-ṣanāyiʿ (898/1493) .

Amīr Burhān al-Dīn ʾAṭā-Allāh Maḥmūd Ḥusaynī. Badāyiʿ al-ṣanāyiʿ. Edited by Raḥīm Musalmāniyān Qubādiyānī. Tehran: Bunyād-i mauqūfāt-i duktur Maḥmūd Afshār, 1384/2005.

II.2      Kashifī (d. 910/1504). Badāyiʿ al-afkār va ṣanāyiʿ al-ashʿār.

Kamal al-Dīn Ḥusayn Vāʿiẓ Kashifī Sabzavārī. Badāyiʿ al-afkār va ṣanāyiʿ al-ashʿār. Edited by Jalāl al-Dīn Kazzāzī. Tehran: Nashr-i markaz.1369/1990.

qalb al-qavāfī (p. 131) ; iṭrād (p. 136) ; hijā/tahajjī (p. 139) tarvīj (p. 148) ; siḥr-i ḥalāl (pp. 149-50) ; zū al-lisānayn (p. 153) ; tafṣīl (p. 154) tauṣīl (p. 155) taʿrīb (p. 158) iżmār al-ḥurūf (pp. 159-60) ifrād (p. 163)

  1. On inshā and tarassul (Composition and Correspondence)

IV.1     Kaykāvūs. Qābūs-nāma (11th c).

  • Chapter 39: Dar ādāb va āyīn-i dabīrī va sharṭ-i kātib (pp. 207-15)

 

IV.2     Rāvandī. Rāḥat al-ṣudūr (written during 599/1202–3 to 603/1206–7).

Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. Sulaymān al-Rāvandī. Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr. Edited by Muḥammad Iqbāl. (English title p.: Ráḥat-uṣ-Ṣudúr wa Áyat-us-Surúr: Being a History of the Saljúqs by Muḥammad ibn ʿAlí ibn Sulaymán ar-Ráwandí.). E. J. W. Gibb Memorial, n.s., 2. London: Luzac, 1921.

  • Chapter on the knowledge of principles of calligraphy from circle to dot (faṣl fī maʿrifat uṣūl al-khaṭṭ min al-dāyirat va al-nuqat) (pp. 437-47)

 

IV.3     Mustaufī. Khirad-nāma (early 12th c.)

Abū al-Fażl Yūsuf b. ʿAlī Mustaufī. Khiradnāma. Edited by Adīb Burūmand. Tehran: Anjuman-i ās̱ār-i millī, 1347/1968.

  • Introduction (p. 1); On Scribes (dabīrī) (p. 16)

 

IV.4     Amīr Khusrau Dihlavī. Iʿjāz-i Khusravī.

IV.5     Muḥammad b. Hindūshāh Nakhjivānī. Dastūr al-kātib fī taʿyīn al-marātib (760/1359)

IV.6     Khvāja ʿImād al-Dīn Maḥmūd Gāvān. Manāẓir al-inshā’. (9th/15th c.)

Khvāja ʿImād al-Dīn Maḥmūd Gāvān. Manāẓir al-inshā’. Edited by Maʿṣūma Maʿdan-Kan. Tehran: Farhangistān-i zabān va adab-i pārsī, 1381/2002.

  • Second discourse, on the types and principles and requirements of what people write to each other (maqālat al-sānīya, fī bayān al-aqsām va al-arkān va sharāyiṭ mā yaktub al-nās baʿżuhum ilā baʿż) (pp. 185-235)

 

IV.7     Kāshifī (d. 910/1504). Makhzan al-inshā’.

 

Secondary Sources (Islamic world):

Marlé Hammond, A Dictionary of Arabic Literary Terms and Devices (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).

Stefan Sperl, Christopher Shackle, eds., Qasida Poetry in Islamic Asia and Africa. 2 Vols. (Leiden: Brill, 1996).

Wen-Chin Ouyang, Literary Criticism in Medieval Arabic-Islamic Culture: The Making of a Tradition (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1997).

 

Secondary Sources (comparative poetics):

Yigal Bronner, David Shulman, and Gray Tubb, eds. Innovations and Turning Points: Toward a History of Kāvya Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014)

Sheldon Pollock ed. Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).